A state is created - Put simply, Afghanistan was a relatively free country. It was (for the time) quite forward thinking, and welcomed influences from the west.
1919: Independence: Afghanistan regains independence after a third war against Britain.
1933: Stability: Following years of civil unrest, Zahir Shah becomes king and remains in power for the next 40 years.
1973: Republic: The former prime minister, Mohammed Daud, seizes power in a coup and declares a republic. He is overthrown in 1978 and a year later, Hufizullah Amin wins a power struggle and becomes president.
The Soviet war - The 'rape' of the nation. Communism is forced upon a once proud and insular people. Their standards are altered and changed. The characters we have grown to recognise in the novel have their power/confidence/history taken away from them.
1979: Occupation: Soviet troops move into Afghanistan and remove Hufizullah Amin from power. In 1980, backed by the Soviet Union, Babrack Karmal is installed as president.
1985: Resistance: Islamic fighters known as Mujahedeen intensify their resistance to the government and Soviet occupation. The United States provides financial backing to their cause and in 1986 supplies them with Stinger missiles, enabling Mujahedeen to shoot down Soviet helicopters.
Mujahedeen triumph - Things get even worse.
1989 Soviet retreat: Soviet troops leave Afghanistan, leaving pro-Soviet President Mohammed Nujiballah exposed.
1992: Capital captured: Mujahedeen take control of the capital, Kabul and President Nujibullah falls from power. Rival militias compete for control.
Taliban rule - Extremism takes control in Afghanistan as it becomes unrecognisable from the world we were introduced to early in the novel.
1996: Hard-line regime: The Taliban seize control and introduce extreme Islamic law, banning women from work and using brutal punishments like stoning to death and amputations.
1998: bin Laden: The United States launches air strikes on suspected bases of Osama bin Laden, who is accused of organising bombings of US embassies in Africa.
War declared
2001: September 11: Four US airliners are hijacked. Two are flown into the World Trade Centre and one hits the Pentagon. Another crashes in Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 people are killed in the attacks. The United States blames Al Qaeda.
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